Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep

Relationships between Gods and Mortals in Greco

Relationships between Gods and Mortals in Greco The relationships between gods and mortals are one of the central themes of Greco-Roman mythology. Though gods and goddesses obtain the ultimate power and can rule over destinies of men, they not always are depicted as the voice of justice and sometimes use their might for satisfying their personal needs and compensating for the weaknesses of their character. The popularity of the theme of love affairs between the gods and the mortals can be explained with the peculiarities of the concept of divinity in Greeks and Romans.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationships between Gods and Mortals in Greco-Roman Mythology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Along with supporting humans during their wars and interfering into the earth conflicts, gods often fell in love with mortals though it was prohibited by the divine laws. On the one hand, it can be explained with the weakness of character of gods. On the other hand, realiz ing their enormous power and lack of restraints, the divine creatures could be certain that they just could afford themselves violating the rules without fear of future punishment. There are a great number of examples when the relationships between gods and mortals ended as marriage-type of love. These include, for example, Ariadne marrying ,Dionysus, the Greek god of grape harvest and winemaking, Tithonus marrying Eos, the Greek goddess of the dawn, and Psyche marrying Eros (Cupid in Roman mythology), the god of sexual love. At the same time, there is a wide range of relationships between the gods and the humans without marriage, the so-called lust-type of love. These are the couples of the goddess Aphrodite and her young lover Adonis and relationships between Zeus and mortal women Alkmene, Semele, and Leda. The majority of god-mortal couples bore children who could become a Demigod or a hero. Hesiod, a Greek oral poet even compiled the prolonged lists of mortal women who had relat ionships with gods and children who were born from divine and mortal couples. â€Å"Since many aristocratic families and even entire cities traced their lineages to these heroes, this extensive list acts as a bridge between the Theogony and the world of Hesiod’s audience† (Trzaskoma 131). Thus, looking for their forefathers in these lists, ancient Greeks and Romans rationalized the beliefs in their own divine origin. The representation of the love liaisons between gods and mortals in Greek and Roman myths removes the distinct line between the divine and mortal origin of heroes and changes the traditional interpretation of the concept of divinity as the voice of justice which is deprived of biases. Another interpretation of relationships between the gods and the mortals is presented in Euripides’ play Hippolytus in which Artemis as the goddess of chastity rejects to protect her human lover Hippolytus. As opposed to numerous examples of divine lovers who protected their favourites and interfered in the earth affairs, Artemis decides to take revenge on Aphrodite who kills her lover in future by killing Aphrodite’s next mortal favorite.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The goddess of chastity admits that â€Å"This is the settled custom of the gods: no one may fly in the face of anothers wish: we remain aloof and neutral† (Euripides 69). This interpretation of the divine rules contradicts a plenty of examples from the Greek and Roman myths in which the gods and goddesses make attempts to ruin plans of other gods for the purpose of achieving their own goals. At the same time, one of possible explanations of Artemis’ choice can be found in the peculiarities of her sphere. The goddess of chastity is expected to follow the rules even violating her own interests. Still, this perspective on both the relationsh ips between the gods and gods and mortals is valuable for presenting the wide range of existing approaches to defining the concept of divinity in Greeks and Romans. As opposed to pure and innocent feelings of Artemis, the plot of another Euripides’ play Ion is based on lust kind of relationships between gods and mortals. According to the myth, the god Apollo raped Creusa and she bore a child Ion, one of the main protagonists of the play. Though these events are not depicted in the work, this background information is central for interpreting the following development of the events. The play depicts the destiny of Ion who does not know who his parents are till the end when the truth is disclosed. The theme of destiny of half-divine children who are sometimes regarded as bastards is central for the play because Apollo’s act ruined lives of several mortals, making them suffer. The Apollo-Creusa liaison can be considered as one of the most disgusting examples of lust kind of relationships between the divine and mortal characters in all the Greek and Roman mythology which, however, adds new shades of meaning to the interpretation of the concept of deity by ancient people. Instead of separating the worlds of gods and mortals, Greek and Romans depict the numerous examples of liaisons between divine and human characters in their myths, expressing their unique views on deity and the weaknesses of gods. Euripides, Moses Hadas, John McLean. Ten Plays by Euripides. New York: Bantam Books. 1981. Print. Trzaskoma, Stephen, Scott Smith, and Stephen Brunet (eds.) Anthology of Classical Myth: Primary Sources in Translation. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company. 2004. 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Sales Promotion Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sales Promotion Plan - Essay Example The Product The retail business has many segments under a single banner and a brand name. It usually includes products from the food sector to non food such as clothing, accessories, and cosmetic products. The product whose sales promotion is to be discussed is for the cosmetic segment. The cosmetic segment has been growing and with the rise of retail sector it has find a place and is regarded as one of the important grooming sector. Therefore the product is perfumes and as a sales promotion manager it is the duty to promote and generate awareness about the new perfumes and also maintain the brand value of the existing brands. The perfume introduced will be promoted to both the females and males as it can be used by both the gender simultaneously and is targeted to the premium sector of the society. Hardware/Objects involved Sales promotion would be done with the help of the sales force and to monitor the sales, certain software can be used so that a track can be maintained as to how the sales promotion will be performed and also after effects. Sales force will be mainly responsible for conducting sales promotion in various malls and other places associated with the brand. Apart from the sales force, high technology hardware would be appropriate in determining the results obtained after proving a heavy discount and offers by the business. Activities Sales promotion involves variety of activities in order to promote and increase the sales. The target market is the consumers and so all the activities will be undertaken keeping the consumers in mind. Some of the activities which are often used in sales promotion targeting the consumers include discounts, increase in the product quantity, offering complementary products, issuing discount coupons and vouchers, contest, prizes, gifts and samples. For the sales promotion of the perfume, the sales promotion manager would propose for activities such as distribution of free samples where the company would provide free sa mples to the consumer’s visiting the stores or the segment in the retail outlet. The objectives of free sample are to get the consumers to make purchase of the perfume and make them as regular customers. The consumers visiting the stores would be offered a sample of the perfume and in return give their feedback. The perfume would be designed in a small bottle with attractive packaging in order to attack the customers. The free samples would be distributed in the outlets of the brands. Coupons and vouchers would be used in sales promotions. Coupons will be mainly used to target new customers to try the product and increase the value of the brand in the long run (Schultz, et.al, 1998, p.40). Vouchers are mainly used to introduce the product to a new set of consumers. The discount coupons and vouchers would include 25% off on beauty products on selected brands. By offering 25% off on beauty products, the main idea or objectives of the sales manager is to widen the target market and introduce new customers who would prove to be beneficial for the brand in the long run. In addition to the coupons and vouchers, the sales promotion manger had decided to offer complementary product with the sale of the perfume. This would induce the customers to buy the product as customers get easily attracted toward any complementary gifts or gifts with the main product. The complementary pro

HW Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HW - Assignment Example Kodak has a legal obligation to sue companies that infringe on its patents. Kodak is among the oldest companies in the market that is slowly dying. Patents give the company to exclusively benefit from its innovations. Kodak sues the companies’ infringing on its patents to be compensated for its products. The company has to sue to deter other companies from infringing on its patents. Kodak has an exclusive right to produce the product for 20 years before other companies can duplicate. The company sues to ensure that it retains this right. Kodak can market its products in the market to gain market dominance before its patents expire. The company should invest in market penetration to ensure that it attains a loyal client base before the 20-year patent period. The company can also diversify it product range to compete with other players in the market. Positioning is key for the company, the management should ensure that the company is well positioned in the

Business LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Business LAW - Essay Example The plan by Johnny Jones to start a new Ethanol manufacturing plant is not a plan that has been included in the company’s registration statement and therefore such a plan should be prevented and suspended. Section 11 of the Securities Exchange act states that it will be deemed unlawful for any person who is a member of any securities exchange to make a transaction on such an exchange for his own account, that of an associated person or exercises an investment discretion. In this case Joan is acting in the capacity of a market maker in that she is a stock broker and therefore such a transaction can be seen been unlawful. Johnny also does not have any authorization to conduct such transactions in ethanol neither does he comply with the rules of the commission. A registration that is made under the exchange act entitles one to make periodic and current reports regarding the company. This is the duty to disclose which is made public for market evaluation of the specific company together with the way the company conducts the pricing of its securities (Smith, Washburne, & Pham). The Securities Act provides a penalty of not more than $10,000 upon conviction while the security exchange act provides that any person or anyone who becomes associated with someone who violates the requirements of the act or makes a false and misleading statement with regard to the act will be liable to a fine of $ 5,000,000 or imprisonment that does not exceed 20 years. In this case, Jonny Jones, Joan and Jake will be liable to such fines and even imprisonment for the violation of the Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Act. They do not have reports for their Ethanol manufacturing thus, they contravened the duty to disclose. Johnny also made a misleading statement to his secretary. Class action suits occur whereby so many plaintiffs sue the same defendant over the same

Is Climate Change Natural Or Man Made Environmental Sciences Essay

Is Climate Change Natural Or Man Made Environmental Sciences Essay Climate is the long term average weather conditions of different regions on earth. Some places are hot while others bear a cold climate. The different types of climates are namely, tropical, midaltitudinal, subtropical, arctic, subarctic, humid continental, Mediterranean, monsoon, desert and tropical wet-dry. The climate of the world is continuously changing. This change is not something new it is a very old concept perhaps since the birth of the universe. The factors or reasoning for the climate change can be divided into two sides. One side is of the view that this is a natural process that will and has to occur whereas the other side claims that the change has occurred because of the human activities on the earth. later in our essay we will be discussing these reasoning in more depth and with the help of some facts and figures. Literature Review: Definitions: Distinction between climate and weather. Most of the people use climate and weather terms synonymously, but the two terms have a difference between them. Climate is the long term average weather conditions of different regions on earth whereas weather is how the atmosphere behaves in a shorter period of time. Hence we can say that the distinct feature between weather and climate is the measure of time. What is Global Warming and Global Dimming? Global warming refers to the continuous warming of worlds surface. It occurs when the Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) traps the heat and light from the sun around the atmosphere of Earth which forms the root cause of the temperature increase. Some of the green house gases are, Carbon Dioxide, water vapor, methane etc. Whereas Anup Shah said, Global dimming is the opposite of global warming and should not be confused with it. It is the average reduction in heat that is reaching the earths surface. Pollutants from the fossil fuels in the air results in the larger number of droplets which makes the clouds more reflective. More of the suns heat and light is therefore reflected back in the space. (Anup Shah, 2005) Climate Change History Timeline: Earths climate is unstable and is continuously changing. It has experienced several ice ages and warmer periods. To make things simpler and focused we can split the history of climate change into several phases. These phases are briefly discussed below: If we look at The Big Bang Theory which is about the creation of the entire solar system. The temperature of the earth was very high because of which it expanded rapidly, and then it cooled down enough for rain, which became the source of the very first ocean on earths surface. Then from 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago, the first land masses appeared and life developed on the planet. The atmosphere was still toxic and mainly consisted of ammonia and methane, the sun was only 75% as bright as today, this may depicts that the surface was covered with ice, but in reality it was warmer, scientist justify this situation by saying that this was because of the greenhouse gases i.e. methane which prevented freezing. Next phase is of about 2.5 to 500 million years ago. In this era the oxygen level on the surface started to increase, accompanied by the photosynthetic algae. There are enough evidences of glaciations periods in this era and scientists still discuss this scenario. The Earths core finally cooled down to level comparable to today about 500 to 250 million years ago. The volcanic eruptions became rarer. Earth generally saw a lot of glacial activity in this period because of the two poles known as South and North Poles, which received very less solar energy. The rapid development of photosynthetic organisms made the air more breathable. About 250 to 65 million years ago the climate of Earth became dry and seasonal with high temperature differences. More land came into contact with the oceans and therefore the humidity increased. This was the era of dinosaurs. Then the dinosaurs went extinct and mammals took over around 65 to 2.7 million years ago. The planet experienced sudden warming during this period. The global temperature shot up by 5-8 degree Celsius. This warming was enhanced by the methane bubbles which were previously hidden beneath the ice sheets. About 33 million yearn ago the very first glaciers started to form in Antarctica; this means that the sea level fell and ice grew. Than from 2.7 million to 12000 years ago a lot of the surface of Earth was covered with ice. It is been estimated that there were 25-30 Ice Ages in the history. Around 12000 years ago the last Ice Age ended and the Earth again entered to a warmer phase. From 950 to 1250 the Vikings started to emigrate from Iceland, Greenland. Excellent weather in many regions of the Earth gave a boost to the population growth. The things then rapidly changed in the 20th century when industrialization took place. It increased the temperature of Earth on a average of 0.7 degree Celsius. The British Meteorological Office predicts that 2010 will become the hottest year since the beginning of temperature records in 1880. The Debate: There are two sides of the debate as we have stated this earlier in our essay. One group supports the idea that the major causes of the global climate change are the activities by humans themselves. These activities include burning of fossil fuels, deforestation etc. the other group challenges this view with their research that the change is the natural process and it is occurring since the birth of the earth. The world temperature is increasing and it is occurring due to the activities of the people living in this world. The major culprits of this process are the developed countries of the world whose economies significantly rely on industrialization which results into the excessive emissions of carbon in the atmosphere. United States was the leader in this case followed by UK, Germany, France etc, but now China is taking over the lead and becoming the number one cause of global warming. Pearce said, Chinas annual carbon dioxide emissions have indeed recently surpassed those of the US (Fred Pearce, 2010). He further clarifies that this does not means that the whole blame should be given to China because industrialization is new to China and if we revise the statistics of carbon emissions we will come to know that major role in degrading the environment is played by other countries like US , UK, Germany and other countries of Europe. An International team headed by Nikla Hohne from the Cologne, Germany, office of Ecofys. An international climate change consultancy came up with the findings from the country by country analysis of who has contributed to the climate change and to what extent. The team also look upon other green house gases i.e. methane which is second most important after carbon dioxide. Methane is also produced by human activities from draining marshes and deforestation to cattle farming. Once methane was added to the analysis the team came up with evidence that the poor countries of the world play a much greater part in global warming. Hohne says, Others do worse. (Nikla Hohne, 2010). For instance Brazils contribution rises from1 percent to 5 percent of global total. Indonesia which extensively practices deforestation rises by a factor of between 10 to 90. The studies in this analysis estimated Indonesia as a third greatest contributor to global warming after China and US. To over come these problems and justify themselves developed countries claims that they are taking action to cut carbon emissions into the atmosphere. On example of this action is the Kyoto Protocol 1997. This protocol required the developed countries to start cutting emissions by almost 5 percent by 2008-2012. In this protocol certain quotas were assigned to industries. With in the limits of the quota they can pollute the environment. Larry Lohmann called it The Magic of the Market, (Larry Lohmann, 2002) because the a certain clause was added by the US elites in The Kyoto Protocol which allowed Northern countries to meet the emission targets by trading carbon dioxide with countries that had surplus. The trading of carbon did not solved the problem but in fact increased the climate change effect. Jens Stoltenberg who led a UN- commissioned task force to identify ways to raise finances which could be used in poor countries to deal with the climate change effects said, Carbon pricing h as a double climate effect- its a huge source for revenue, but also gives the right incentive for reducing emissions by making it expensive to pollute, (Jens Stoltenberg, 2010). The Kyoto Protocol gave an other benefit to the industries that hey can have a trade with the people who grow plants and trees as well. But it was impossible to calculate the intake of carbon by trees which make it ineffective. Larry Lohmann said that 30 more protocols with twice the level of Kyoto protocol are needed to rectify the situation. Otherwise the impact will be devastating. According to a special report more than 1000 scientists globally are changing their opinion and saying that the process of change is natural. These scientists also included people from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). the report included comments by some well known people. for instance, Nobel Prize-Winning Stanford University Physicist Dr. Robert B. Laughlin, who won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1998, and was formerly a research scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory said Please remain calm: The Earth will heal itself Climate is beyond our power to controlEarth doesnt care about governments or their legislation. You cant find much actual global warming in present-day weather observations. Climate change is a matter of geologic time, something that the earth routinely does on its own without asking anyones permission or explaining itself. (Dr.Robert, 2010). The scientist said that green house effect is not permanent and the predictions of global warmin g are not supported by the reliable data by IPCC. The economic crisis in 2009 which was very severe and affected almost every nation in the world resulted in the reduction in the carbon emissions. A report from Nature Geo science supports this statement by giving the figures like 1.3 percent reduction in the emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to the global financial crisis. The article by Hoffman says that estimated carbon dioxide emissions from deforestation have also been reduced. Doug L. Hoffman said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦carbon dioxide will rise by 4.8% In 2010, proving that what should be treated as good news is not welcomed in climate change circles. Doug L. Hoffman, 2010). Discussion: After analyzing the both sides with reference to the articles. I am of the opinion that climate is changing because of the anthropogenic global warming i.e. made by the human activities. It is the humans themselves who are threatening their own home. They have increased the activities which involve the emission of greenhouse gases. Increased industrialization is the root cause of the problem in which dangerous gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapors etc are emitted in the atmosphere. On the other hand I we consider third world countries were there is less industrialization we come to know that they are also the major contributors in degrading the environment. They emit methane which is second most dangerous after carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere in the process of deforestation which is required for the agricultural needs to grow food and other cash crops. A classic example of this earlier given in this essay is of Indonesia and Brazil. All these emissions give rise to the greenhouse effect in which the greenhouse gases (GHGs) accumulate around the surface of earth and block the rays from the sun. some part of these rays are reflected back into the space and the remaining enter the atmosphere were again some of it is reflected back by the intersection with clouds and other part reaches the surface. The surface of the earth also reflects back some rays which are than trapped by these GHGs. This whole process gives a boost to the temperature of the Earth. The more the emissions of GHGs the more the impact will be. The image below illustrates the situation more clearly. The carbon dioxide emissions have increased by 0.5 percent per year and it is a major contributor in the greenhouse effect with almost 60 percent of share. The emissions of CFCs are also increasing because of the increased use of refrigerators etc. These anthropogenic activities will cause an average increase in the global temperatures between 1.5 °C and 6.8 °C from 2000 to 2100.   From my point of view we are unable to rectify the devastating impacts of global warming and other anthropogenic activities with the help of Protocols like Kyoto Protocol because they are bias and are in the interest of only certain parties. Although we have placed the price on the carbon that is being emitted in the environment but have given industries some benefits as well that in this cause can be quasi property rights. We have designed the protocol but we are almost unable to implement it because the measurement required is very difficult. Whereas on the other hand I do not oppose the second group complete because there is to some extent reality in their piece of work. When they say that the anthropogenic global warming is not supported by the accurate data by the concerned organizations they are right. Some of the changes in the climate also occur because of the natural changes in the conditions, for instance. Hurricanes, floods etc. some scientist also claim that the change in the climate is because of the uncertainty in the earths orbit. Conclusion: In the end I would like to conclude by saying that from my point of view the major cause of the climate change is the anthropogenic activities i.e. global warming and global dimming which are caused by the increased use of fossil fuels. It is we humans who are responsible for this and at the same time it is we who are unable to control its devastating impacts on our climate. If the process will continue with the same pace, one day we will have to bear a lot of problems the ice in the south will start melting which will increase the water level of the world. Higher temperature will cause increased earthquakes, the rare species on earth will extinct, their will be food shortages which will affect our increasing population. Increased sea levels will cause tsunamis. All these consequences have there own further impacts on the economies of the countries. Therefore more practical steps should be initiated by the related agencies in controlling the problem. As an individual we people also have to bear some responsibility towards the climate. We should try to adopt environmental friendly techniques in our daily routine work.

Film Violence :: essays research papers

Film Violence Do you think there is a case for censoring films more radically than present or is this an infringement of personal liberty? Films are often blamed as an influencing factor in violent crimes, most notably murder. People think that films have influenced a number of killers in high profile cases such as the Jamie Bulger murder, which was linked to ‘Childs Play 3’ by the press. Another was when a 14-year-old Texan boy decapitated a girl in an effort to become famous like thee stars of ‘Natural Born Killers’ and ‘Rambo’ was said to have influenced Michael Ryan when he shot 11 people at Hungerford in 1988. But would censoring films more radically make any difference? We, as people, have been viewing scenes of violence for many hundreds of years, so why is it only in the last few years that scenes of violence in films are said to influence people? Scenes of violence have been depicted in Renaissance paintings, in stain glass windows and in Shakespearean plays: Macbeth is a serial killer, King Lear has his eyes gouged out, Desdemona is murdered by Othello in a jealous rage. More recently in news coverage of conflicts in Rwanda, Kosovo and Bosnia. Why are these violent scenes not mentioned as an influence? A report, ‘The Effects of Video Violence on Young Offenders’, published by the Home Office in 1998 did conclude the following: - ‘The implication is that both a history of family violence and offending behavior are necessary preconditions for developing a significant preference for violent film action and role models’. Kevin Browne, one of the authors of the report, said the link between film violence and actual violence could not be proved but stated ‘Nevertheless people who come from violent families and commit violent offences are more likely to lock into violent scenes, remember violent characters, and this may well influence their behavior.’ Both of these sources agree that there is not a direct link between film violence and real life violence, but in contrast both agree that people with a violent family history and a record of offensive behavior might well be influenced by film violence.